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But what shines through in shelter and reconstruction professional Jim KennedyРІР‚в„ўs essay is the resilience of the displaced. Nowhere would one expect to find this more than in refugee settlements, where residents are consigned to unfamiliar, informal living conditions. If landscape helps form national identity, then displacement abets its erosion.

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The effect of these efforts has been to help develop a national identity that is РІР‚Сљneither Tutsi nor Hutu, but simply Rwandan.РІР‚Сњ This essay raises other questions: What is the role of landscape in the aftermath of tyranny? Collage by Hannah Davis, with component images РІР‚СљPhotographs of Genocide Victims at the Genocide Memorial Centre in Kigali, RwandaРІР‚Сњ by Adam Jones, used under CC BY-SA 3.0 license via Wikipedia Commons, and РІР‚СљUmuvumu TreeРІР‚Сњ by Nicholas Pevzner / LA+ In that time, the Rwandan national government has instituted a tree planting week and monthly civic holiday in which all able-bodied persons contribute to civic improvements, such as wetland restoration and erosion control. In another essay, University of Pennsylvania lecturer Nicholas Pevzner documents landscape-based efforts at reconciliation in a country just 22 years removed from genocide. Buried in JosР“В© FirminoРІР‚в„ўs essay is a question that perhaps deserves its own LA+ issue: Are landscape architects enabling or challenging this militarization of the globe? РІР‚СљOperation Hello EdenРІР‚Сњ by Fionn Byrne / LA+ In the security cameraРІР‚в„ўs eye, movement arouses suspicion, JosР“В© Firmino writes, and РІР‚Сљmust be controlled.РІР‚Сњ Military dominance has come to depend on these eyes on the ground, in the sky, and in your inbox. Pontifical Catholic University professor of urban management Rodrigo JosР“В© Firmino explores the effect of the ubiquitous security camera and РІР‚Сљsee something, say somethingРІР‚Сњ posters on public spaces in his essay. Perhaps more sinister than tyranny facilitated by physical threat is tyranny facilitated by camera lenses. Steve Basson, associate professor of architectural history and theory at Curtin University, exhumes the more disturbing historical uses of public squares in the opening essay, citing examples from RobespierreРІР‚в„ўs beheadings to Soviet oppression and Nazi torchlight parades. For example, public squares can benefit peace protestors and goose steppers, revolutions and counter-revolutions alike. The issue devotes much of much of its first half to the split identity of spaces of tyranny. Tyranny, the third issue of LA+, delves into the complex relationship between abuses of power and public spaces. РІР‚СљThe social and spatial manifestations of power are directly relevant to the design and use of public space,РІР‚Сњ explained Tatum Hands, editor-in-chief of LA+, the University of Pennsylvania school of designРІР‚в„ўs interdisciplinary landscape architecture journal.